---
title: Much Ado About Noting OSPF Area IDs in Dotted Decimal Format
description: Time for a pop quiz. You have less than one second. Shout out the first term that pops in your head when you examine the following string of characte
image: https://blog.boson.com/hs-fs/file-385908112-gif/images/noting-ospf-area-ids-in-dotted-decimal-format.gif
---

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# IT Certification and Training Blog

## [Much Ado About Noting OSPF Area IDs in Dotted Decimal Format](https://blog.boson.com/bid/100837/much-ado-about-noting-ospf-area-ids-in-dotted-decimal-format)

** Nov 21, 2013 8:20:00 AM / by [Kelson Lawrence](https://blog.boson.com/author/kelson-lawrence)

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By James Hanback

 Time for a pop quiz. You have less than one second. Shout out the first term that pops in your head when you examine the following string of characters:

192.168.51.50

 Time’s up. It’s an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) area ID. Specifically, it’s equivalent to the OSPF area ID decimal value of 3232248626.

Were you right? No? Did everyone around you leap out of their seats or cautiously back away from you when you shouted *IP ADDRESS* at the top of your voice? If you guessed that 192.168.51.50 is an IP address, I suppose I can give you credit (that credit might not be enough to calm the jangled nerves of your family or co-workers if you were inconsiderate enough to literally shout out your answer, though).

You are correct that 192.168.51.50 is a representation of a 32-bit value in dotted decimal format, which is the format we network administrator types have most come to know and love as an IP address. In this case, the dotted decimal value of 192.168.51.50 precisely resembles an IP version 4 (IPv4) address that falls within the range of Class C addresses that is reserved for use on private networks.

However, an IP address is not an OSPF area ID. Nor is an OSPF area ID an IP address. Each of those 32-bit address spaces serves an entirely different purpose. IP addresses are used to enable devices to communicate with one another at Layer 3, or the Network layer, of the [Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model](https://blog.boson.com/bid/86999/The-Seven-Layers-of-Networking-Part-I). OSPF areas, on the other hand, are used as a means of logically grouping OSPF routers and segregating those groups within an autonomous system (AS). An area ID identifies the specific group, or area, to which a network or interface belongs. Therefore, OSPF uses area IDs to organize a topology and to determine the neighbor routers to which it should send the packets that build the link-state database (LSDB). The LSDB is stored on each router within the area and is essentially a snapshot of the topology within that area.

“Wait just a minute here,” you might be saying. “I’ve been studying for my [CCNA certification](http://www.boson.com/certification/ccna) and configuring all my practice OSPF network areas by using decimal values. I’ve configured the OSPF **network** command with **area** **0** so many times that it’s practically punctuation. Have I been doing it wrong?”

Absolutely not.

It’s perfectly normal for a budding network administrator like you to not only want to configure an OSPF area ID as a decimal value, but to actually do so. In fact, Cisco IOS *enables* you to configure an area ID as either a decimal value in the range from 0 through 4294967295 or as a dotted decimal value in the range from 0.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255. Unlike IP addresses, the values of 0.0.0.0 and 255.255.255.255 are perfectly valid values for an OSPF area ID. You can begin the process of proving it to yourself by using the help system on a Cisco router, as shown in the following output:

RouterA(config-router)#network 198.51.100.0 0.0.0.255 area ?  
   <0-4294967295>  OSPF area ID as a decimal value  
   A.B.C.D         OSPF area ID in IP address format

I know. I know. Cisco’s help refers to the dotted decimal format as the *IP address format*. That’s because the dotted decimal format makes most people think *IP address*, as was most likely proven by your own answer to my pop quiz. However, it is important to separate the two address spaces in your mind. The dotted decimal OSPF area ID has nothing to do with the IP addresses that you’ve assigned to interfaces, nor has it anything to do with the IP networks that are being advertised within the area.

The last value in the decimal range of possible area IDs, 4294967295, might at first glance appear to be a bizarre or random way to end a range of values. Somehow it just doesn’t feel as satisfying as, say, a range from 0 through 1024, or 4096, or 32768, or 65535. However, if you convert that decimal value to its 32-bit binary equivalent, you get exactly 32 bits, or 11111111111111111111111111111111. If you separate all those bits into octets, you get 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111. Convert that quartet of octets into dotted decimal format and you get (surprise!) 255.255.255.255, which is the last possible value in the 32-bit dotted decimal range.

Similarly (and perhaps obviously), the decimal area ID value of 0 is equivalent to the dotted decimal area ID value of 0.0.0.0, which is also known as the OSPF backbone area. Therefore, the decimal area ID you configure on an OSPF router is actually equivalent to the dotted decimal value that OSPF sends in packets across the wire. As far as OSPF is concerned, it doesn’t matter if one end of a link is configured with a decimal area ID and the other end is configured with the equivalent dotted decimal area ID. OSPF sees both formats as the same value and will establish an adjacency between neighboring routers even if the area ID is 0 on one end and 0.0.0.0 on the other.

In practice, however, it might look a little strange to configure one end of the link with Area 0 and the other end with Area 0.0.0.0 because Cisco IOS both stores and displays the area ID in the format that you configure, not the area ID calculated from the area ID format you configure. For example, the following output is from RouterA, which is configured to use Area 0, and the neighboring RouterB, which is configured to use Area 0.0.0.0:

RouterA#show ip ospf interface  
 FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up  
   Internet Address 198.51.100.50/24, Area 0  
   Process ID 100, Router ID 198.51.100.50, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1  
 <output omitted>  
   Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1  
     Adjacent with neighbor 198.51.100.51  (Designated Router)  
   Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

 RouterB#show ip ospf interface  
 FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up  
   Internet Address 198.51.100.51/24, Area 0.0.0.0  
   Process ID 100, Router ID 198.51.100.51, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1  
 <output omitted>  
   Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1  
     Adjacent with neighbor 198.51.100.50  (Backup Designated Router)  
   Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

You can see from the output that RouterA displays the area ID as 0 because it has been configured to use the decimal value of 0. RouterB, on the other hand, displays the area ID as 0.0.0.0 because it has been configured to use the dotted decimal value of 0.0.0.0. Even so, the two routers have successfully established an adjacency.

If you’ve spent any amount of time creating configuration standards in order to make a simpler task of troubleshooting and scaling your organization’s network, your internal standards violation sensor might be making your eyelid twitch right about now. It’s all well and good that OSPF Area 0 is the same as OSPF Area 0.0.0.0, but what if you’re trying to quickly troubleshoot an adjacency issue when RouterA is configured to use Area 3232248626 and RouterB is configured to use Area 192.168.51.50? Unless you have the maddest of in-your-head math skills, you might not be certain that the area IDs match at first glance. The **show ip ospf interface **command doesn’t display anything weird about the other values that are required to establish an adjacency (we’re looking at you, Hello timer interval and Dead timer interval). So why doesn’t Cisco IOS just pick a standard format in which to display area IDs regardless of the way you’ve configured them? You don’t have time to do all that math just so you can determine if the routers are operating within the same area!

The alternative to tearing your hair out, of course, is to use an IP address to decimal calculator like the **Decimal IP Calculator** tab that is included with the [Boson IP Subnet Calculator](http://www.boson.com/FreeUtilities). Or you could just establish a configuration standard and stick to it. Or maybe just find a way to frighten away any other OSPF admins who try to muscle in on your standard. Sometimes the only way to enforce a standard is to configure it yourself. All of which is to say that a mix of decimal and dotted decimal area IDs could be disheartening for those of us who appreciate the times when technology can make standardization easy.

[![noting ospf area ids in dotted decimal format](https://blog.boson.com/hs-fs/file-385908112-gif/images/noting-ospf-area-ids-in-dotted-decimal-format.gif?width=550&height=223&name=noting-ospf-area-ids-in-dotted-decimal-format.gif)](http://www.boson.com/FreeUtilities)

However, if you use packet debugging output to monitor OSPF packets as they are received over the wire, it might be comforting to know that OSPF packet debug output is one place in which the area ID will always be displayed in dotted decimal format even if it was configured in decimal format on the sending router. So even if RouterA is configured to use Area 3232248626 and RouterB is configured to use Area 192.168.51.50, the output from the **debug ip ospf packet** command on each router will always display the Area ID, or aid, value as 192.168.51.50, as shown in the following output:

RouterA#show running-config | begin router ospf  
 router ospf 100  
  log-adjacency-changes  
  network 198.51.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 3232248626

 RouterB#show running-config | begin router ospf  
 router ospf 100  
  log-adjacency-changes  
  network 198.51.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 192.168.51.50

 RouterA#debug ip ospf packet  
 OSPF packet debugging is on  
 *Nov  14 09:28:07.367: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:198.51.100.51  
       aid:192.168.51.50 chk:5EA6 aut:0 auk: from FastEthernet0/0

 RouterB#debug ip ospf packet  
 OSPF packet debugging is on  
 *Nov  14 09:28:12.367: OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:198.51.100.50  
       aid:192.168.51.50 chk:5EA6 aut:0 auk: from FastEthernet0/0

The above does not apply to the **debug ip ospf hello **command or the **debug ip ospf events** command, which always display the area ID in the format in which it is configured. Nor does it apply to the **debug ip ospf adj** command, which is typically issued before an adjacency is established in order to watch the process.

If you’ve been paying attention, you might notice a couple of other 32-bit dotted decimal values in the output of the **debug ip ospf packet** command. It is therefore time for a new pop quiz! What are those values? They have to be IP addresses this time, right? Because they’re in the range of IP addresses that RouterA and RouterB are configured to advertise in the sample output?

Alas, you are wrong again.

The value of 198.51.100.50 in the debugging output is RouterA’s OSPF router ID in dotted decimal format. The value of 198.51.100.51 in the debugging output is RouterB’s OSPF router ID in dotted decimal format. However, you can be even more forgiven for assuming IP address as the answer this time. Router IDs are different from OSPF area IDs not only in purpose, but also in that the 32-bit dotted decimal values they use can actually be derived from the IP address configuration on a router.

But that’s a whole [different bundle of bits](https://blog.boson.com/bid/94434/How-to-Tame-a-Wild-OSPF-Topology-Using-Router-IDs).

 

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 Topics: [Noting OSPF Area IDs in Dotted Decimal Format](https://blog.boson.com/topic/noting-ospf-area-ids-in-dotted-decimal-format)

#### Written by [Kelson Lawrence](https://blog.boson.com/author/kelson-lawrence)

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- [SSD (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ssd)
- [SSDs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ssds)
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- [The Application Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-application-layer)
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- [The Internet Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-internet-layer)
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- [active attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/active-attacks)
- [addresses (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/addresses)
- [administrative threats (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/administrative-threats)
- [answers (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/answers)
- [anyconnect essentials (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/anyconnect-essentials)
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- [bad questions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/bad-questions)
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- [bottom up (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/bottom-up)
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- [cheating (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cheating)
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- [close-in attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/close-in-attacks)
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- [compare IPv4 to IPv6 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/compare-ipv4-to-ipv6)
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- [ROUTE exam (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/route-exam)
- [SWITCH exam (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/switch-exam)
- [TSHOOT exam (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/tshoot-exam)
- [The Transport Layer (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-transport-layer)
- [WF (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/wf)
- [Windows Firewall (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/windows-firewall)
- [braindumps (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/braindumps)
- [certification exam (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/certification-exam)
- [driver letters (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/driver-letters)
- [exam simulations (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/exam-simulations)
- [exam tips (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/exam-tips)
- [passing certification exam (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/passing-certification-exam)
- [router (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/router)
- [router protocols (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/router-protocols)
- [simulation (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/simulation)
- [subnetting (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/subnetting)
- [tips (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/tips)
- [what to expect before the exam (2)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/what-to-expect-before-the-exam)
- [.NET Quest Part V (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/net-quest-part-v)
- [2.8.5. EFS – Part 3 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/2-8-5-efs-–-part-3)
- [220-1101 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/220-1101)
- [220-1102 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/220-1102)
- [32-bit Processing (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/32-bit-processing)
- [64-bit Processing (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/64-bit-processing)
- [802.11 Standards (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/802-11-standards)
- [ACL basics (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/acl-basics)
- [ACL labs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/acl-labs)
- [ARP (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/arp)
- [Address Classes (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/address-classes)
- [Address Resolution Protocol (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/address-resolution-protocol)
- [Announcements (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/announcements)
- [Anycast (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/anycast)
- [AppLocker (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/applocker)
- [Autonomous System mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/autonomous-system-mode)
- [Binary Math (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/binary-math)
- [Boson Training (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/boson-training)
- [CCIE (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ccie)
- [CDP (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cdp)
- [CDP Prerequisites and Restrictions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cdp-prerequisites-and-restrictions)
- [CEH (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ceh)
- [CIDR Notation (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cidr-notation)
- [CLF-C02 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/clf-c02)
- [Cisco Discovery Protocol (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cisco-discovery-protocol)
- [Cisco Global Learning Partner Awards (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cisco-global-learning-partner-awards)
- [Cisco Live (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cisco-live)
- [Class B Subnetting (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/class-b-subnetting)
- [DHCP (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dhcp)
- [DHCP Relay Agent (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dhcp-relay-agent)
- [DHCP leases (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dhcp-leases)
- [DHCP pool (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dhcp-pool)
- [DRA (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dra)
- [Default Domain Policy Group (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/default-domain-policy-group)
- [Defending Your Console (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/defending-your-console)
- [Dual Boot (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dual-boot)
- [EFS Part 1 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/efs-part-1)
- [EIGRP Named Mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/eigrp-named-mode)
- [Eigrp graceful shutdown (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/eigrp-graceful-shutdown)
- [Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/enhanced-interior-gateway-routing-protocol)
- [Fast Subnetting (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/fast-subnetting)
- [GNS3 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/gns3)
- [GPO (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/gpo)
- [Global Configuration Mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/global-configuration-mode)
- [Guide to DHCP (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/guide-to-dhcp)
- [ICMP Port Numbers (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/icmp-port-numbers)
- [ICND1 Revisions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/icnd1-revisions)
- [ICND2 Revision (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/icnd2-revision)
- [ICOMM (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/icomm)
- [IP Addressing (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ip-addressing)
- [IPv4 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ipv4)
- [IPv6 Triple Point Address Space (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ipv6-triple-point-address-space)
- [IPv6 addressing (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ipv6-addressing)
- [IPv6 addressing shorthand (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ipv6-addressing-shorthand)
- [IPvs SLAAC (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ipvs-slaac)
- [ISACA (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/isaca)
- [InPrivate Browsing (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/inprivate-browsing)
- [Installing Boson Software on a BootCamp Partition (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/installing-boson-software-on-a-bootcamp-partition)
- [Installing Boson in VMware Fusion (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/installing-boson-in-vmware-fusion)
- [Inter-Layer and Intra-Layer Communication (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/inter-layer-and-intra-layer-communication)
- [Interface Configuration Mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/interface-configuration-mode)
- [Interior Gateway Protocol (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/interior-gateway-protocol)
- [Internet Explorer Security Features (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/internet-explorer-security-features)
- [LAN (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/lan)
- [LANs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/lans)
- [Lab Compiler (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/lab-compiler)
- [Line Configuration Mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/line-configuration-mode)
- [Local Unicast (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/local-unicast)
- [Local area networks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/local-area-networks)
- [MANs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/mans)
- [MCSA (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/mcsa)
- [MCSE (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/mcse)
- [Mac (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/mac)
- [Master Router (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/master-router)
- [Metropolitan area networks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/metropolitan-area-networks)
- [Miscellaneous Windows 7 Features (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/miscellaneous-windows-7-features)
- [Multicast (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/multicast)
- [NAT (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/nat)
- [NTFS (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ntfs)
- [Network Administrators guide (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/network-administrators-guide)
- [Network Time Protocol (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/network-time-protocol)
- [Network+ (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/network)
- [Network+ practice questions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/network-practice-questions)
- [Networking Basics (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/networking-basics)
- [Networks and Topologies (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/networks-and-topologies)
- [Noting OSPF Area IDs in Dotted Decimal Format (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/noting-ospf-area-ids-in-dotted-decimal-format)
- [OSI network model (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/osi-network-model)
- [OSPF Router ID (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ospf-router-id)
- [OSPF Router IDs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ospf-router-ids)
- [PANs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/pans)
- [PAT (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/pat)
- [PHR (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/phr)
- [Perils of Default (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/perils-of-default)
- [Personal area networks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/personal-area-networks)
- [Policy object (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/policy-object)
- [Router Configuration Mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/router-configuration-mode)
- [SSD (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ssd)
- [SSDs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ssds)
- [Safety menu (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/safety-menu)
- [Seven Layers of Networking Part 2 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/seven-layers-of-networking-part-2)
- [Subnetting Demystified (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/subnetting-demystified)
- [Subnetting How To (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/subnetting-how-to)
- [Syslog (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/syslog)
- [TSHOOT Tree (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/tshoot-tree)
- [TSHOOT trouble tickets (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/tshoot-trouble-tickets)
- [The Application Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-application-layer)
- [The Data Link Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-data-link-layer)
- [The ISO OSI Reference Model (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-iso-osi-reference-model)
- [The Internet Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-internet-layer)
- [The Network Access Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-network-access-layer)
- [The Network Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-network-layer)
- [The Physical Layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-physical-layer)
- [The Seven Layers of Networking – Part III (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/the-seven-layers-of-networking-–-part-iii)
- [Two-Factor Authentication (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/two-factor-authentication)
- [UDP (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/udp)
- [User Datagram Protocol (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/user-datagram-protocol)
- [Using ImageX (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/using-imagex)
- [VLAN (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/vlan)
- [VPN vs GRE (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/vpn-vs-gre)
- [Virtualization (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/virtualization)
- [WANs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/wans)
- [What is ARP? (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/what-is-arp)
- [What to Expect During the Exam (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/what-to-expect-during-the-exam)
- [Why Subnet? (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/why-subnet)
- [Wi-Fi printer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/wi-fi-printer)
- [Wide area networks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/wide-area-networks)
- [WinPE (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/winpe)
- [Windows Virtual PC (VPC) (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/windows-virtual-pc-vpc)
- [Windows XP Mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/windows-xp-mode)
- [Wine (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/wine)
- [XPM (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/xpm)
- [access attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/access-attacks)
- [activating ccna curriculum (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/activating-ccna-curriculum)
- [activating digital CCNA Courseware (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/activating-digital-ccna-courseware)
- [active attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/active-attacks)
- [addresses (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/addresses)
- [administrative threats (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/administrative-threats)
- [answers (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/answers)
- [anyconnect essentials (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/anyconnect-essentials)
- [application layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/application-layer)
- [assess (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/assess)
- [authoring a practice exam (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/authoring-a-practice-exam)
- [aws (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/aws)
- [backup (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/backup)
- [bad questions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/bad-questions)
- [block edge traversal (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/block-edge-traversal)
- [botnet traffic filter (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/botnet-traffic-filter)
- [bottom up (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/bottom-up)
- [case study (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/case-study)
- [case study root port selection (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/case-study-root-port-selection)
- [cheating (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/cheating)
- [clear line command (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/clear-line-command)
- [close-in attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/close-in-attacks)
- [compare IPv4 and IPv6 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/compare-ipv4-and-ipv6)
- [compare IPv4 to IPv6 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/compare-ipv4-to-ipv6)
- [composition (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/composition)
- [comptia network+ practice tests (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/comptia-network-practice-tests)
- [comptia security+ (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/comptia-security)
- [configuration (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/configuration)
- [configuring CDP (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/configuring-cdp)
- [courseware (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/courseware)
- [custom image deployment (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/custom-image-deployment)
- [custom practice exam (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/custom-practice-exam)
- [debug command (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/debug-command)
- [debug eigrp packets hello (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/debug-eigrp-packets-hello)
- [debug ip packet (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/debug-ip-packet)
- [default cisco hardware settings (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/default-cisco-hardware-settings)
- [deny (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/deny)
- [didn't pass (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/didnt-pass)
- [differences between VPN and GRE (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/differences-between-vpn-and-gre)
- [direct route (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/direct-route)
- [distribution attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/distribution-attacks)
- [divide and conquer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/divide-and-conquer)
- [documentation (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/documentation)
- [dual stacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dual-stacks)
- [dysfunctinoal access control lists (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/dysfunctinoal-access-control-lists)
- [edge traversal (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/edge-traversal)
- [electrical threats (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/electrical-threats)
- [encapsulation within layers (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/encapsulation-within-layers)
- [environmental threats (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/environmental-threats)
- [etherchannel (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/etherchannel)
- [event logs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/event-logs)
- [exam engines (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/exam-engines)
- [failed certification exam (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/failed-certification-exam)
- [fast (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/fast)
- [fastethernet (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/fastethernet)
- [file encryption key (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/file-encryption-key)
- [frame relay (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/frame-relay)
- [good questions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/good-questions)
- [graceful shutdown (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/graceful-shutdown)
- [guide (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/guide)
- [hardware threats (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/hardware-threats)
- [hexidecimal values (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/hexidecimal-values)
- [hiring (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/hiring)
- [hosts (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/hosts)
- [how CDP works (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/how-cdp-works)
- [igp (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/igp)
- [immobility (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/immobility)
- [implicit deny rule (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/implicit-deny-rule)
- [insider attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/insider-attacks)
- [interviewing (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/interviewing)
- [introduction to etherchannel (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/introduction-to-etherchannel)
- [ipv6 unicast-routing (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/ipv6-unicast-routing)
- [it-training (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/it-training)
- [javelin reader (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/javelin-reader)
- [lab instructions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/lab-instructions)
- [load drivers (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/load-drivers)
- [local area network (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/local-area-network)
- [local printer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/local-printer)
- [logging console command (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/logging-console-command)
- [microsoft certifications (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/microsoft-certifications)
- [money back guarantee (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/money-back-guarantee)
- [multi-device configs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/multi-device-configs)
- [multi-monitor support (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/multi-monitor-support)
- [native boot (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/native-boot)
- [netflow (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/netflow)
- [netmap (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/netmap)
- [part 2 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/part-2)
- [passive attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/passive-attacks)
- [passive-interface (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/passive-interface)
- [password recovery techniques (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/password-recovery-techniques)
- [permit (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/permit)
- [physical threats (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/physical-threats)
- [pirates (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/pirates)
- [policies (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/policies)
- [practice exam author (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/practice-exam-author)
- [practice question (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/practice-question)
- [presentation layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/presentation-layer)
- [preventing accidental loops (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/preventing-accidental-loops)
- [printer issues (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/printer-issues)
- [privileged EXEC mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/privileged-exec-mode)
- [programs and services (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/programs-and-services)
- [proofreading (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/proofreading)
- [protocols and ports (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/protocols-and-ports)
- [punishment (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/punishment)
- [quality (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/quality)
- [questions (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/questions)
- [quick reference (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/quick-reference)
- [reconnaissance attacks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/reconnaissance-attacks)
- [redundancy (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/redundancy)
- [repair (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/repair)
- [retake exam (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/retake-exam)
- [root port selection (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/root-port-selection)
- [router configuration (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/router-configuration)
- [routers (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/routers)
- [save money (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/save-money)
- [scope (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/scope)
- [separate windows (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/separate-windows)
- [serial connections (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/serial-connections)
- [session layer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/session-layer)
- [seven layers of networking (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/seven-layers-of-networking)
- [shorthand (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/shorthand)
- [show cdp neighbors (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/show-cdp-neighbors)
- [show logging (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/show-logging)
- [show users command (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/show-users-command)
- [slow network (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/slow-network)
- [social engineering (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/social-engineering)
- [solid-state drive (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/solid-state-drive)
- [standard ACLs (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/standard-acls)
- [stare and compare (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/stare-and-compare)
- [stateful DHCPv6 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/stateful-dhcpv6)
- [stateless DHCPv6 (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/stateless-dhcpv6)
- [strong passwords (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/strong-passwords)
- [style guide (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/style-guide)
- [subinterfaces (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/subinterfaces)
- [subnet calculator (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/subnet-calculator)
- [subnets (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/subnets)
- [switches (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/switches)
- [syntax access-list (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/syntax-access-list)
- [taking certification exams (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/taking-certification-exams)
- [terminal monitor (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/terminal-monitor)
- [timer (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/timer)
- [top down (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/top-down)
- [topology (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/topology)
- [troubleshooting techniques (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/troubleshooting-techniques)
- [tunneling (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/tunneling)
- [undebug all command (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/undebug-all-command)
- [update (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/update)
- [user EXEC mode (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/user-exec-mode)
- [virtual hard disks (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/virtual-hard-disks)
- [virtual lab (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/virtual-lab)
- [virtual local area network (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/virtual-local-area-network)
- [vista (1)](https://blog.boson.com/topic/vista)
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